Geological Survey of Finland
Email url Print
Search
  Home   Suomi   Svenska     Careers   Contacts   Media Centre   Feedback   Site map
 
Modified: 14.08.2009

Pampalo (Ward) - Gold Database

Back to Gold map       Alphabetical list
Name Pampalo (Ward) DATA UPDATED 12.9.2008
Alternative names  
Deposit summary PAMPALO, in the Ilomantsi greenstone belt, is a partially mined deposit now (November 2006) under feasibility study by Endomines Oy. The current in situ resource estimate is 6300 kg gold. It is an Archaean orogenic gold deposit comprising three NE-plunging ore lenses in an intermediate pyroclastic unit bounded by sedimentary rocks and a komatiitic unit, all intruded by felsic porphyries. All rocks have been metamorphosed to greenschist-amphibolite transition or to lower-amphibolite facies. The ore lenses are in highly sheared, boudinaged zones rich in biotite within the host unit. The deposit is strongly rock-hosted, despite the anomalously high strain in the ore zone, and is sited regionally near the triple point junction of three granitoid bodies. Of all Au, 90% occurs as native, free.
LOCATION
Geological domain Archaean Belt Ilomantsi
Site photo pampalo_03092001_panorama_e_se_s_th Regional map kareliamap1_th
Map sheet 433307
Northing (kkj) 6987700 Easting (kkj) 4564300
Latitude 62.98709N Longitude 31.26523E
Municipality Ilomantsi
Nearest town, roads 40 km NE from Ilomantsi, 100 km NE from Joensuu. A sealed road 1 km from the area, a gravel road to the area.
MINING
Exploration licence no 4847/1, 5055/1, 5090/1, 5421/1, 6483/1,2, 7343/1 Mining concession no 4847/1a
Present holder Endomines (2006–)
Previous holders Geological Survey of Finland 1990–1994 (GTK), Outokumpu Oyj 1994–2003, Polar Mining 2003–2006
Claim fig 1 pampalo_claims1994_th
Mine photo 1 pampalo_03092001_panorama_ss_sw_w_th Mine photo 2 pampalo_pit_030901_th
Mine photo 3 pampalo_underground_030901_th Mine photo 4 pampalo_pit_thumb
Mine photo 5 pampalo_rl208_03092001_central_lode_e_contact_th Mine photo 6 pampalo_rl208_03092001_central_lode_w_contact_th
Mine photo 7 pampalo_original_pit_decline_ca1999_th Mine photo 8  
Status of development Open pit and underground.
When mined 1996, 1998–2002
Resources 2003: 0.915 Mt @ 6.9 ppm Au [19,28]. 2000: 0.9 Mt @ 7 ppm Au [15,17]. 1999: 0.6 Mt @ 7.4 ppm Au [14]. 1997: 0.6 Mt, 7.3 ppm Au [6,7,8]. 1993: 0.59 Mt 7.9 ppm (cut off 2 ppm) [2,3].
Deposit size (Mt) 1.1 Reference (size) [28,32]
Total in-situ gold (kg) 8100 Reference (in-situ Au) [19,28]
Total gold production (kg) 1784 Reference (gold prod) [19]
Production of other metals  
Extent of mineralisation Main lodes form a 500 m long, 10–30 m wide zone, open at depth of 750 m [8,9,27,32], but the entire mineralised area is at least 100 m wide [36].
Lodes A set of flat, lensoidal, high-grade, subvertical, NE-trending bodies follow the trend of local lineation; the lodes are 5–10 m wide, 50–80 m in height and extend for >700 m down plunge (plunge 35° to NE) [2,4,23,28,31,36]. The Pampalo East lode is about 100 m to the east of the main mineralised zone (main lodes) [36].
Best sections 1.5 m @ 90 ppm, 2.5 m @ 70 ppm, 8 m @ 47.4 ppm, 116 m @ 10.7 ppm, 20 m @ 5.4 ppm, 18 m @ 8.9 ppm, 11 m at 8.6 ppm, 6.8 m @ 18.4 ppm Au [1,2,3,4]. 3.4 m @ 36 ppm Au [31]. Pampalo East lode: 50.6 m @ 1.5 ppm, 14 m @ 1.11 ppm Au [36]. Pampalo NW: 5.7 m @ 4.7 ppm Au [37].
EXPLORATION
Discovery year 1990
Discovery By GTK [18]: Investigation of an outcrop in a structurally favourable location in an area of till-geochemical Au anomaly led to discovery of visible gold in the outcrop (by Dr Peter Sorjonen-Ward, GTK).
Exploration history GTK (1986–1994) [1,2,3,4,7,11,21,22,26]: Detailed geochemical till sampling: sampling grid 250x250 m over the greenstone belt covering 400 km2. Follow-up as till-bedrock interface geochemistry, samples collected across the Au anomaly along traverses 100 m apart with sampling distance 10–30 m. Low-altitude air- and ground-magnetic, -slingram and -IP survey. SIP investigations. Bedrock mapping based on outcrops, geophysics, trenching and diamond drilling. Till geochemical survey. Special studies on Quaternary geology, ore mineralogy [1,18,20] and geochemistry, and petrogenesis. A pilot plant study.
Outokumpu (1994–2003) [9,14,23]: test pit in 1996, decline construction started 1997, followed by underground drilling and test mining from Dragon (= Polar Mining) (2003–2006) [30,31,32]: diamond drilling.
Endomines (2007–) [35,36]: Diamond drilling.
Section figure 1 pampalo_section_thumb Plan figure 1 pampalo_plan180_oreblocks_th
Section figure 2 pampalo_section_2001_th Plan figure 2 pampalo_surfacegeol_au_contents_th
Section figure 3 pampalo_model_may2004_th Plan figure 3 pampalo_surface_geology_th
Section figure 4 pampalo_longsection_th Plan figure 4  
Section figure 5 pampalo_section_end2004_th Plan figure 5  
Trench fig 1   Trench fig 4  
Trench fig 2   Trench fig 5  
Trench fig 3   Trench fig 6  
Explor site photo 1   Explor site photo 2  
Geophysical response No response on magnetic, slingram or IP methods. Magnetic and electric methods do show the structural features of the area, including those which control gold mineralisation [2].
Drilling GTK (1990–1993) [1,2,3,4,26]: 103 diamond-drill holes, total 12569 m, 25 m distance between the drilling profiles.
Outokumpu [14]: From surface, 135 diamond-drill holes, total 8093 m; from underground, 127 diamond-drill holes, total 4687 m in 10x10 m network.
Endomines [36]: in 2007, 17 diamond-drill holes, total 1058 m in the Pampalo East lode.
Elements analysed Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, CO2, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, LOI, Mg, Mo, Na, Nb, P, Pb, Rb, REE, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sr, Te, Ti, Th, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr [1,2,5,6].
[12]: Main components, Cl, Sn and Zr by XRF; Ag, As, Au, Bi, Pd, Sb, Se and Te by GFAAS; Hg by wet-chemical method; B by DCP; Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, La, Li, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Y and Zn by ICP; S by Leco.
Primary dispersion Au, S, Se, Te and W enriched in all host rocks; K and LOI enrichment in metatuffite, but depletion in porphyries. In metatuffite, Au has the best correlation with Te, S, W and Ag, and in porphyry with S, Se and Pb. No consistent chemical zoning detected [2,5,6,21].
Secondary dispersion [2]: Regional Au, As and B till anomaly, local Au, Te and Bi anomaly. Au content within the till anomaly is from tens of ppb to >1 ppm. Best combination for defining exploration targets: Au + Te + Bi- better than Au alone.
[7]: Local peat deposits are anomalous on Au, As, Cu, Mo, Ni, S and Te. In peat, Au has the best positive correlation with Te. In addition, Au also has a weak positive correlation with Cl, K, Pb and Zn. The highest enrichment in peat is shown by As (100x normal peat in Finland). However, As does not show any correlation with Au. The most extensive peat anomalies are defined by As and Te.
Primary anomaly fig 1 ilomantsi_magnmap_th Secondary anomaly fig 1 hattubelt_regional_au_till_th
Primary anomaly fig 2   Secondary anomaly fig 2  
Primary anomaly fig 3   Secondary anomaly fig 3  
Primary anomaly fig 4   Secondary anomaly fig 4  
Primary anomaly fig 5   Secondary anomaly fig 5  
Economic evaluations Resource estimate by GTK [21]. Feasibility studies by Outokumpu in 1997–2001 [14,19]. Feasibility study under way in 2004–2005 [30,32].
Exploration geologist in charge Outokumpu: Esa Sandberg. GTK: Martti Damsten. Endomines: Jaakko Liikanen
ORE
Siting of gold Free, fine-grained gold homogeneously disseminated through the mineralised zones: 1) at pyrite grain boundaries and as inclusions in pyrite with chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, 2) in fractures of pyrite grains, 3) intergrown with tellurides amongst silicates, 4) intergrown with titanite, rutile and goethite, 5) as inclusions in K feldspar, quartz, biotite and calcite. Minor amounts of Au occurs as gold tellurides [1,4,19]. Of all Au, 91% occurs as native gold, most of gold grains is <10 μm, and 70–79% of native gold is as <80 μm grains [4].
Fineness 69–98% Au (avg. 91%), 8% Ag (avg.) [18].
Major opaques Pyrite [1,2,4]
Minor opaques Rutile, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, native gold, tetrahedrite, tellurobismuthinite, tsumoite, frohbergite, altaite, hessite, petzite, montbrayite, hedleyite, calaverite, volynskite, rucklidgeite, electrum, native tellurium, native bismuth, aurostibite, rutile, haematite, ilmenite, chromite, magnetite, cubanite, mackinawite, pentlandite [1,4,18].
Gangue Quartz, tourmaline, albite, K feldspar, biotite, muscovite, garnet, calcite, chlorite, scheelite, titanite [1,2,4].
Ore miner. photo 1 pampalo_au1_thumb Ore miner. photo 6 au_py_cpy_alta_pampalo_1_th
Ore miner. photo 2 au_alta_py_pampalo_th Ore miner. photo 7 au_alta_froh_pampalo_3_th
Ore miner. photo 3 pampalo_au3_thumb Ore miner. photo 8 au_po_py_pampalo_th
Ore miner. photo 4 pampalo_au4_thumb Ore outcrop photo 1 pampalo_oreblock_030901_th
Ore miner. photo 5 au_py_cpy_gn_pampalo_1_th Ore outcrop photo 2 pampalo_banded_ore_th
Ore composition Diamond-drill core [12]: 8.30 ppm Au, 3.7 ppm Ag, 17.7 ppm As, 46 ppm B, 846 ppm Ba, 1.78 ppm Bi, 19.4 ppm Co, 232 ppm Cu, 26 ppb Hg, 65.2 ppm Li, 3.5 ppm Mo, 83.8 ppm Ni, 57 ppm Pb, 94 ppm Rb, 5700 ppm S, 2.53 ppm Sb, 1.82 ppm Se, 456 ppm Sr, 6.90 ppm Te, 21 ppm Th, 0.700 ppm Tl, 6.8 ppm U, 151 ppm V, 12 ppm W, 526 ppm Y, 126 ppm Zn, 348 ppm Zr; 59.9% SiO2, 0.54% TiO2, 16.2% Al2O3, 5.60% Fe2O3, 5.68% MgO, 0.62% CaO, 5.68% Na2O, 4.20% K2O, 0.24% P2O5. Bulk ore: 5.2 ppm Ag, 25 ppm As, 46 ppm Au, <0.3 ppm Cd, 31.3 ppm Co, 238 ppm Cr, 162 ppm Cu, 6.23% Fe, 14.6 ppm Mo, 114 ppm Ni, 496 ppm Pb, 3.35% S, <5 ppm Sb, 33 ppm Te, 23 ppm Th, 132 ppm V, 640 ppm W, 317 ppm Zn [4].
Enriched elements Au + Ag, Ba, Bi, Cu, Li, Pb, Sb, Se, Te, W, Se, B, K, Rb, S, CO2 (As, Zn) [2,5,6].
Ore fluid Fluid inclusions: max T = 250–260C, salinity 5–7 wt.% NaCl eq. [2].
Stable isotopes δ18O (SMOW): +9.58 – +18.79 per mill (calcite), +11.2 per mill (quartz), +9.4 per mill (albite), +4.0 per mill (biotite); => T = 360–470°C; δD (SMOW): -86 per mill (biotite); δ13C (PDB): -9.15 – 8.18 per mill (calcite) [2].
Pb isotope data  
GEOLOGY
Geological setting The mineralisation is in the central part of the 2754–2726 Ma [34] Hattu Schist Belt. The hosts rocks form a deformed sequence with tholeiitic metavolcanic rocks [2]. The main host rock is located between fine-grained metasedimentary rocks and metakomatiite, and the sequence is intruded by thin felsic porphyry dykes [14].
Major host rocks Intermediate metatuffite [2]
Minor host rocks Felsic porphyry, metakomatiite [2]
Intrusives Conformable, probably pre-intense folding, pre-gold mineralisation felsic porphyries in the host rocks and the nearest pluton (Tasanvaara tonalite) predate mineralisation [2,21]. The age of the tonalitic plutons bounding the schist belt is ca. 2750 Ma [2,34].
Regional geol map 1 hattu_belt_map1_thumb Outcrop photo 1 pampalo_ore1_thumb
Regional geol map 2 pampalo_structure_th Outcrop photo 2 pampalo_ore2_thumb
Local geology map 1 pampalo_localmap1_1994_th Outcrop photo 3 pampalo_rl208_03092001_central_lode_e_contact_th
Local geology map 2   Outcrop photo 4 pampalo_good_ore1_fsp_porphyry_260905txt_th
Local geology map 3   Outcrop photo 5 pampalo_good_ore2_fsp_porphyry_260905txt_th
METAMORPHISM
Metamorphic history [2]: Progressive regional metamorphism on ca. 2750–2700 Ma, apparently peaked soon after gold mineralisation, at a temperature of about 550±50°C. Thermal peak was synchronous or outlasted deformation. Formation of post-mineralisation tremolite porphyroblasts in the metakomatiite.
Metamorphic grade Greenschist-amphibolite facies transition [2].
Metamorphic mineral assemblage Intermediate metavolcanic rocks: K feldspar-albite-tremolite-biotite-sericite-calcite (-quartz-epidote-titanite-rutile-garnet-tourmaline).
Porphyries: Quartz-albite-actinolite.
Metakomatiites: Talc-carbonate-chlorite-biotite-tremolite.
Metamorph photo 1   Metamorph photo 2  
STRUCTURE
Structural style Brittle-ductile.
Closest major shear The Pampalo Shear Zone system: a major shear zone on the both sides of the deposit [10].
Controlling structure Secondary shear zones between the main shear zones in the Pampalo shear system: SW-NE trending, complex, dominantly sinistral strike-slip(?) system; a duplex in the area. The mineralisation is in the NW margin of the duplex where numerous faults converge [2,10]. The lodes are in a distinct zone of intense foliation and shearing within the duplex [21].
Deformation history Rapid and extensive crustal generation and progressive deformation between 2.76–2.73 Ma [34]. Formation of the strike-slip duplex predates mineralisation which apparently took place during the deformation of the toe of the duplex, attributed to rotational back-folding as relatively greater amounts of sinistral shear strain were transferred from the Pampalo Shear System to the Kelokorpi Shear Zone somewhat further west, in a transpressional regime [2,34].
Ore fabric Foliated, granobalstic [4].
Veins Pre-mineralisation quartz veins with scheelite and molybdenite. Only minor, gold-related quartz-tourmaline ± K-feldspar veins [2].
Structure photo 1 pampalo_boudin_thumb Vein photo 1 pampalo_oreblock_veins1_030901_th
Structure photo 2 pampalo_boudin2_thumb Vein photo 2 pampalo_veins2_030901_th
Structure photo 3 pampalo_goldenmile_timmins_th Vein photo 3  
ALTERATION
General alteration Formation of quartz, biotite, K feldspar, Ba-bearing microcline, albite, calcite, chlorite, epidote, pyrite, rutile, tremolite-actinolite, tourmaline [2,4,18].
The four indicators of ore: pyrite dissemination, presence of scheelite, intense biotitisation, and cm to dm scale 'messy' deformation [33].
Proximal alteration Intermediate metatuffite: K feldspar-biotite-quartz-pyrite mineral assemblage [2,4].
Felsic porphyry: K feldspar-quartz-sericite-biotite-rutile±chlorite, tremolite, scheelite [21].
Intermediate alteration  
Distal alteration  
Zonation figure   Prox alteration photo 1  
Alteration photo 1   Prox alteration photo 2  
Alteration photo 2   Intermed alteration photo  
Alteration photo 3   Distal alteration photo 1  
Post-mineralisation modifications [2]: Probably, an Archaean post-mineralisation metamorphic overprint at about 500±50°C with deformation and porphyroblast overgrowth. This also affected the δ18O values of minerals. On ca. 1800 Ma, a Proterozoic regional metamorphic overprint which is shown by K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of micas. Post-mineralisation, Archaean or Proterozoic, tremolite porphyroblasts are common in the metakomatiite.
TIMING Either pre-peak metamorphic and formed under greenschist-facies conditions, or syn-peak metamorphic. Minimum age 2708–2693 Ma (U-Pb of titanite and monazite indicating peakmetamorphism) [2].
GENETIC MODEL [2]: Formed in a structurally favourable, the most competent lithological units in the area. Precipitation of gold by desulphidation of fluid and, possibly, by decomposition of Au-Te complexes of fluid due to cooling and/or changes in pH and fO2. Probably, gold precipitated just below 500°C with sulphides. The formation of the present low-temperature Te and Bi minerals most probably took place as subsolidus reactions with cooling temperature. The combination of arsenopyrite and oxygen isotope thermometry, sphalerite geobarometry, with the dominance of pyrrhotite and calcite instated of pyrite and dolomite, respectively, suggests uppermost-greenschist facies or conditions transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies for mineralisation: T = 450–500°C, p = 2–3 kbar.
Genetic type Orogenic References [3]
Alternative genetic type 1   References  
Alternative genetic type 2   References  

References

1. Damsten, M., Nurmi, P., Sorjonen-Ward, P. & Hartikainen, A. 1994. Tutkimustyöselostus Ilomantsin kunnassa valtausalueilla Pampalo 1 (kaivosrek. no. 4847/1), Pampalo 2 (kaivosrek. no. 5055/1) ja Pampalo 3 (kaivosrek. no. 5090/1) suoritetuista kultamalmitutkimuksista vuosina 1990–1 993. Report on exploration on tenements Pampalo 1, Pampalo 2 & Pampalo 3, Ilomantsi. English summary. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M06/4333/-94/1/10. 34 p. (22.2 MB)
2. Nurmi, P. A. & Sorjonen-Ward, P. (eds) 1993. Geological Development, Gold Mineralization and Exploration Methods in the Late Archaean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, Eastern Finland. Geol. Surv. Finland, Special Paper 17. 386 p.
3. Nurmi, P.A. 1993. Archaean Au in Finland. Engineering and Mining Journal, Nov., 32–34.
4. Nurmi, P., Kojonen, K., Johanson, B. & Pakkanen, L. 1994. Ilomantsin Wardin kultaesiintymän malmimineralogia ja rikastettavuus. Report on ore mineralogy and gold enrichment tests on the Ward deposit, Ilomantsi. English summary. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M19/4333/-93/1/10. 23 p.
5. Rasilainen, K. 1996. Alteration geochemistry of gold occurrences in the late Archean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, Eastern Finland. Academic dissertation: synopsis and four research papers. Geol. Surv. Finland.140 p.
6. Rasilainen, K .1997. Geochemistry of hydrothermal alteration at the late Archaean Pampalo gold deposit, eastern Finland. In: H. Papunen (ed.) Mineral Deposits: Research and Exploration - Where Do They Meet? Balkema, Rotterdam. 297–300.
7. Virtanen, K. 1997. Turpeen geokemialliset tutkimukset Ilomantsin Pampalossa (4333 07). Geol. Surv. Finland, Report P4.45.003. (in Finnish)
8. Outokumpu Oy 1997. Annual Report 1996. Espoo.
9. Outokumpu Oy 1997. Outokumpu to conduct further exploration of Pampalo gold deposit in Ilomantsi, Finland. Press release 23/6/1997.
10. Sorjonen-Ward, P. 1998. Personal communication 22/10/98.
11. Vanhala, H. 1997. Laboratory and field studies of environmental and exploration applications of the spectral induced-polarization (SIP) method. Geol. Surv. Finland. 104 p.
12. Bornhorst, T. & Nurmi, P. 1999. Personal communication 20/1/1999.
13. Outokumpu Oyj 1999. Annual Report 1999. 80 p. Espoo.
14. Riikonen, J. & Sandberg, E. 1999. Pampalon kultaesiintymän maanalaiset tutkimukset. Finnish Soc. Eng. Geol. Publ. 24, 115–117. (in Finnish)
15. Outokumpu Oy 2000. Annual Report 1999. 80 p. Espoo.
16. Korsman, K. (ed.) & Glebovitsky, V. (ed.) 1999. Raahe-Ladoga Zone structure-lithology, metamorphism and metallogeny: a Finnish-Russian cooperation project 1996–1999. Map 2: Metamorphism of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone 1:1000000. Geol. Surv. Finland.
17. Mäkelä,T. 2001. Personal communication 30/01/2001.
18. Kojonen, K., Johanson, B., O'Brien, H. E. & Pakkanen, L. 1993. Mineralogy of gold occurrences in the late Archaean Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland. In: P. Nurmi & P. Sorjonen-Ward (eds) Geological development, gold mineralization and exploration methods in the late Archaean Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland. Geol. Surv. Finland, Special Paper 17, 233–271.
19. Sandberg, E. 2001. Personal communication 15/07/2001.
20.
21. Parkkinen, J. 1994. Ilomantsin Wardin kultaesiintymän mineraalivarantoarvio. English summary: The Ward gold deposit, Ilomantsi; mineral resource estimate. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M 19/4333/94/2/10. 105 p. (20.6 MB)
22. Hartikainen, A. & Niskanen, M. 2001. maaperägeokemialliset kultatutkimukset Hatun liuskejaksolla Ilomantsissa vv. 1983–1995. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report S/41/4244/1/2001. 22 p.
23. Laine, E. 2002. 3D structural modelling of gold deposits relative to tectonic history at Kutemajärvi and Pampalo gold deposits in Finland. In: Bayer, U., Burger, H. & Skala, W. (eds.) 8th Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, 15–20 September 2002, Berlin, Germany. Vol. 2. Terra nostra. Schriften der Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung 04/2002, 99–104.
24. Mäkelä, T. 2002. Outokumpu Oyj mining and exploration in Finland. Vuoriteollisuus 60, 12–1 3.
25. Dragon Mining NL 2003. Press release 4 September 2003 (161 KB)
26. Luukkonen, E., Halkoaho, T., Hartikainen, A., Heino, T., Niskanen, M., Pietikäinen, K. & Tenhola, M. 2002. Itä-Suomen arkeeiset alueet -hankkeen (12201 ja 210 5000) toiminta vuosina 1992–2001 Suomussalmen, Hyrynsalmen, Kuhmon, Nurmeksen, Rautavaaran, Valtimon, Lieksan, Ilomantsin, Kiihtelysvaaran, Enon, Kontiolahden, Tohmajärven ja Tuupovaaran alueella. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M19/4513/2002/1. 265 p. (in Finnish, 130 MB)
27. Dragon Mining NL 2003. Press release 10 November 2003 (66 KB).
28. Dragon Mining NL 2004. Quarterly Activities Report for the Quarter Ended 31st December 2003. Perth, Australia. 8 p. (116 KB)
29. Dragon Mining NL 2004. Quarterly Activities Report for the Quarter Ended 31st March 2004. Perth, Australia. 9 p. (280 KB)
30. Dragon Mining NL 2004. Quarterly Activities Report for the quarter ended 30th September 2004. Released 29 October 2004. (98 KB)
31. Goode, K. 2004. Dragon Mining NL (DRA) - Bringing Scandinavian Gold Mines into Production. 12 p. (940 KB)
32. Dragon Mining NL 2005. Annual Report 2004. Perth. 80 p. (5.8 MB)
33. Sandberg, E. 2005. Personal communication 26/09/2005.
34. Sorjonen-Ward, P. & Luukkonen, E.J. 2005. Archean rocks. In: Precambrian Geology of Finland – Key to the Evolution of The Fennoscandian Shield. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 19–9 9.
35. Endomines 2007. Pressmeddelande den 20 juni 2007. (in Swedish)
36. Endomines 2007. Pressmeddelande den 14 augusti 2007. (in Swedish)
37. Endomines 2008. Press release 16 June 2008.
38. Endomines 2008. Press release 5 Augusti 2008.
Back to Gold map       Alphabetical list