Kalliosalo - Gold Database

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Name	Kalliosalo	DATA UPDATED	12.1.2007
Alternative names	Kallionsalo
Deposit summary	KALLIOSALO, in Southern Ostrobothnia, has an in situ resource estimate of 300 kg gold and 3300 t antimony (no JORC-compliant resource calculation is available). It is a Palaeoproterozoic orogenic gold-antimony deposit comprising auriferous quartz vein arrays in plagioclase porphyry. The deposit is controlled by a discordant shear zone and is close to a regional NW-trending shear zone. Most of gold is in aurostibite, and native antimony is the main Sb carrier. Significant native gold as inclusions in loellingite-arsenopyrite.
LOCATION
Geological domain	Svecofennian	Belt	Southern Ostrobothnia
Site photo		Regional map
Map sheet	222207
Northing (kkj)	6958900	Easting (kkj)	2446400
Latitude	62.73026N	Longitude	22.94835E
Municipality	Nurmo
Nearest town, roads	8 km SE from Seinäjoki. 4 km to a sealed road, 1 km to a gravel road.
MINING
Exploration licence no	2495/1, 2554/1–2	Mining concession no	2554/1a
Present holder	OPEN FOR ACQUISITION
Previous holders	Malmikaivos Oy (1980–1982), Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) (1977–1980, 1986–1994), part of the area: Myllykoski Oy (1984–1995)
Mine photo 1		Mine photo 2
Mine photo 3		Mine photo 4
Status of development	Prospect
When mined
Resources	0.3 Mt with 0.85% Sb, 0.7 ppm Ag and 1.0 ppm Au [6,7]. 0.46 Mt with 0.73% Sb [3,10].
Deposit size (Mt)	0.3	Reference (size)	[6,7]
Total in-situ gold (kg)	300	Reference (in-situ Au)	[6,7]
Total gold production (kg)		Reference (gold prod)
Production of other metals
Extent of mineralisation	>250 m long, 10–35 m wide lodes [3,10].
Lodes
Best sections	1 m @ 25 ppm Au, 3 m @ 10 ppm Au, 5 m @ 1.3 ppm Au; 5 m @ 0.54% Sb [3].
EXPLORATION
Discovery year	1977
Discovery	Sb-rich erratic boulders found by amateur prospectors led to discovery of a Sb-mineralisation in outcrop by GTK [10,11]. Also, outcrop samples were received in 1991 from another lode, from an area where exploration for Sb has been done in since 1936. As a result, several Sb-mineralisations have been found, but not systematically checked for gold before 1980's [3,4,10]. The Kalliosalo Au-Sb-rich mineralisation was detected in a road aggregate quarry in 1991.
Exploration history	Malmikaivos Oy (1980–1989) [5,6,8,9]: Bedrock mapping, diamond drilling, pilot plant tests (bacterial leaching, flotation). GTK (1936–1991) [3,4,10,11,12]: Detailed bedrock mapping, regional and local till stratigraphy and geochemistry, airborne and ground magnetic, electric and IP survey, channel sampling, diamond and percussion drilling, detailed ore mineralogy study; exploration for Sb since 1930's, exploration only for Sb until 1982, exploration for Au and Sb from 1982.
Section figure 1		Plan figure 1
Section figure 2		Plan figure 2
Section figure 3		Plan figure 3
Trench fig 1		Trench fig 4
Trench fig 2		Trench fig 5
Trench fig 3		Trench fig 6
Explor site photo 1		Explor site photo 2
Geophysical response	Magnetic anomalies of small extent within the area, but these are not directly related to the mineralisations; no response with other methods tested [10].
Drilling	Malmikaivos Oy (1980–1989) [7]: Diamond-drill holes, total 3954 m. GTK (1977–1982) [10]: Diamond-drill 34 holes, total about 5000 m. GTK (1992) [3]: percussion drilling in profiles 20 m apart, across the strike of the main mineralised shear zone.
Elements analysed	As, Au, Sb [3]; Au, Pb, Sb, W [10].
Primary dispersion
Secondary dispersion	Extensive Au anomalies in the region in till, but the Kalliosalo mineralisation is only reflected by on anomalous point within the local Au pattern; strong, but local Sb and a moderate [2,10]. Regional Sb and As anomalies in till are, apparently, unrelated to gold mineralisation, local W anomaly [12].
Primary anomaly fig 1		Secondary anomaly fig 1
Primary anomaly fig 2		Secondary anomaly fig 2
Primary anomaly fig 3		Secondary anomaly fig 3
Primary anomaly fig 4		Secondary anomaly fig 4
Primary anomaly fig 5		Secondary anomaly fig 5
Economic evaluations	Feasibility study by Malmikaivos Oy 1989 [7,8].
Exploration geologist in charge	Malmikaivos Oy: Matti Tyni; GTK: Paunu Oivanen, Niilo Kärkkäinen.
ORE
Siting of gold	Most of gold is in aurostibite, but a significant amount also is as native-gold inclusions in loellingite-arsenopyrite [3,4].
Fineness
Major opaques	Arsenopyrite [4].
Minor opaques	Native antimony, loellingite, stibnite, aurostibite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, gudmundite, berthierite, sphalerite, gold, kermesite, sernamonite, valentinite, tetrahedrite, breithauptite, ullmannite, boulangerite, pääkkönenite, "Ag criddleite" (unidentified mineral) [3, 4, 10].
Gangue	Quartz [4].
Ore miner. photo 1		Ore miner. photo 5
Ore miner. photo 2		Ore miner. photo 6
Ore miner. photo 3		Ore outcrop photo 1
Ore miner. photo 4		Ore outcrop photo 2
Ore composition	Diamond-drill core [1]: 7.50 ppm Au, 0.362 ppm Ag, 1500 ppm As, 366 ppm B, 719 ppm Ba, <0.1 ppm Bi, 14 ppm Co, 42 ppm Cu, 47 ppb Hg, 1 ppm Mo, 60 ppm Ni, 21 ppm Pb, 130 ppm Rb, 113900 ppm S, 8700 ppm Sb, 0.28 ppm Se, 110 ppm Sr, 0.010 ppm Te, 6.9 ppm Th, 5.2 ppm U, 94 ppm V, 3 ppm W, 89 ppm Zn; 67.9% SiO2, 0.59% TiO2, 14.4% Al2O3, 5.67% Fe2O3, 2.09% MgO, 1.58% CaO, 0.51% Na2O, 3.67% K2O, 0.12% P2O5, 1.93% LOI.
Enriched elements	Au, Ag, As, B, Hg, K, Rb, S, Sb, W(?) [1,3,4,10].
Ore fluid
Stable isotopes
Pb isotope data
GEOLOGY
Geological setting	A sequence of metapelites and metagraywackes intruded by the intermediate plagioclase and plagioclase-uralite porphyry sills(?) [4].
Major host rocks	Plagioclase porphyrite [1,3,4,10]
Minor host rocks	Mica schist, felsic tuffite [10].
Intrusives	Plagioclase and plagioclase-uralite porphyries are common in the region and have a calc-alkaline, dacitic to rhyodacitic composition [4]. They predate Au-Sb mineralisation.
Regional geol map 1		Outcrop photo 1
Regional geol map 2		Outcrop photo 2
Local geology map 1		Outcrop photo 3
Local geology map 2
METAMORPHISM
Metamorphic history
Metamorphic grade	Amphibolite facies [10].
Metamorphic mineral assemblage	Porphyrite: Plagioclase - hornblende - quartz - biotite ± cummingtonite [10].
Metamorph photo 1		Metamorph photo 2
STRUCTURE
Structural style
Closest major shear	NW-trending shear zone extending from Seinäjoki to Peräseinäjoki, >30 km long, 1 km(?) wide [12].
Controlling structure	A 5–15 m wide, oblique shear zone in the host rock; the Au mineralisation is clearly related to this structure which is within the main shear zone [3,4,12].
Deformation history
Ore fabric
Veins	Syn- and post-mineralisation quartz veins [10].
Structure photo 1		Vein photo 1
Structure photo 2		Vein photo 2
Structure photo 3		Vein photo 3
ALTERATION
General alteration	Silicification and sericitisation [10].
Proximal alteration
Intermediate alteration
Distal alteration
Zonation figure		Prox alteration photo 1
Alteration photo 1		Prox alteration photo 2
Alteration photo 2		Intermed alteration photo
Alteration photo 3		Distal alteration photo 1
Post-mineralisation modifications
TIMING	The mineralisation is post 1886±3 Ma which is the zircon U-Pb age for the porphyries in the area [4].
GENETIC MODEL	Orogenic "mesothermal" deposit.
GENETIC TYPE	Orogenic, Au-Sb subtype	References
Alternative genetic type 1		References
Alternative genetic type 2		References
References 1. Nurmi, P. A., Lestinen, P. & Niskavaara, H. 1991. Geochemical characteristics of mesothermal gold deposits in the Fennoscandian Shield, and a comparison with selected Canadian and Australian deposits. Geol. Surv. Finland, Bull. 351. 101 p. 2. Lestinen, P. 1988. Seinäjoen alueen geokemialliset tutkimukset vuosina 1983–1986. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report S/41/2222/1/1988. 40 p. (in Finnish, 1.4 MB) 3. Kärkkäinen, N. 1992. Nurmon Kallionsalon kulta-aiheen tutkimukset syksyllä 1991. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M19/2222/-92/2/10. 9 p. (in Finnish, 8.4 MB) 4. Appelqvist, H. 1993. Ore mineralogy in the Proterozoic Kalliosalo gold occurrence, western Finland, with preliminary data on an unspecified mineral, Ag ₃Au ₃Sb ₁₀S ₁₀. Geol. Surv. Finland, Special Paper 18, 37–44. 5. Julku, T. 1986. Seinäjoen-Nurmon antimonimalmin rikastustutkimus. Helsinki Univ. of Tehcnology, Dept of Mining Engineering, Report. 4 p. (in Finnish) 6. Tyni, M. 1983. Lausunto Kalliosalon antimoniesiintymän hyväksikäyttömahdollisuuksista. A letter by Malmikaivos Oy to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. 3 p. (in Finnish) 7. Tyni, M. 1983. Nurmon Kalliosalon antimoni-kultaesiintymän malmiarvio. Myllykoski Oy, Report. 9 p. (in Finnish) 8. Tyni, M. 1989. Saate Malmiosastolle lähetettyyn kirjeeseen koskien sekä Nurmon Kalliosalon antimoniesiintymää että Seinäjoen Pajuluoman tinaesiintymää. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report 3 p. (in Finnish) 9. Ahonen, L. & Tuovinen, O. H. 1986. Kalliosalon antimonimalmin bakteeriliuotus. Univ. of Helsinki, Dept of Microbiology, Report. 15 p. (in Finnish) 10. Oivanen, P. 1982. Antimonitutkimukset Seinäjoen-Nurmon alueella vuosina 1975–1982. Geol. Surv. Finland, Report M19/2222/-82/1/10. 123 p. (in Finnish, 109 MB) 11. Pääkkönen, V. 1966. On the geology and mineralogy of the occurrence of native antimony at Seinäjoki, Finland. Bulletin de la Commission Geologique de Finlande 225. 71 p. 12. Lestinen, P., Kontas, E., Niskavaara, H. & Virtasalo, J. 1991. Till geochemistry of gold, arsenic and antimony in the Seinäjoki district, western Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 39, 343–361.
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